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the stern

  • 1 aplustre

        aplustre is, n, ἄφλαστον, an ornament of wood on the stern of a ship: victae triremis, Iu.
    * * *
    ornamented stern-post of a ship; also pl. of a single ship

    Latin-English dictionary > aplustre

  • 2 navis

    nāvis, is ( acc. sing. usually navem, Charis. 101 P.; Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 57; Cic. de Or. 1, 38, 174; Caes. B. C. 3, 39, 2 et saep.;

    but navim,

    Cic. Att. 7, 22, 1; Sall. J. 25, 5; Hor. C. 1, 32, 8; id. Ep. 2, 1, 114; Prop. 2 (3), 22, 41; Ov. M. 11, 663; 14, 218; Liv. 24, 34, 11; 40, 4, 11; Pers. 5, 141; Juv. 6, 98; Lact. 2, 7, 12 al.; abl. navi, Plaut. Bacch. 1, 1, 73; Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7; Cic. de Or. 3, 40, 159 et saep.;

    but nave,

    id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; id. Verr. 2, 5, 25, § 64; id. Fam. 10, 31, 1; 14, 5, 1; Caes. B. C. 2, 32, 12; Cat. 64, 84; Verg. A. 5, 188; 487; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 200; Prop. 1, 8, 6; Ov. H. 13, 99; Liv. 5, 28, 2 et saep.; cf. Charis. p. 33 P.; Diom. 1, p. 283 P.; v. Neue, Formenl. 1, p. 200 sq.; 216 sq.), f. [naus; Sanscr. nau, the same], a ship (syn.: navigium).
    I.
    Lit.:

    navis longa,

    a ship of war, Liv. 24, 36:

    oneraria,

    a transport, id. 24, 40:

    mercatoria,

    Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 2;

    praedatoria,

    id. Men. 2, 3, 87:

    praetoria,

    the admiral's ship, id. 29, 25:

    tecta,

    id. 22, 21;

    or, constrata,

    having a deck, decked, id. 35, 46:

    aperta,

    open, without a deck, id. 32, 21: auri navem evertat gubernator, an paleae, laden with gold or chaff, Cic. Par. 3, 1, 20:

    navem construere,

    id. Sen. 20, 72:

    triremis instar aedificata,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 17, § 44:

    navem adornare,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

    armare,

    id. B. G. 5, 1:

    reficere,

    id. ib. 4, 31:

    fabricari,

    Tac. A. 14, 29:

    deducere,

    to launch, Caes. B. G. 5, 23:

    deducere in aquam,

    Liv. 28, 17:

    moliri ab terrā,

    id. 28, 7:

    ex portu educere,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 57:

    subducere,

    id. B. G. 5, 11:

    subducere in aridum,

    id. ib. 4, 29:

    agere,

    to work a ship, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 114:

    mercibus implere,

    Juv. 14, 288:

    solvere,

    to set sail, Caes. B. C. 3, 6; so,

    naves leni vento solverunt,

    id. B. G. 4, 28:

    mea Hodie solutast navis,

    Plaut. Stich. 3, 1, 16:

    navem appellere ad aliquem locum,

    to land, Cic. Att. 13, 21, 3:

    applicare terrae,

    Liv. 28, 17:

    appellere litori,

    Curt. 4, 2, 24:

    navem fregit,

    was shipwrecked, cast away, Ter. And. 1, 3, 17:

    in portu evertere,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 38, 174:

    impingere,

    Quint. 4, 1, 61:

    deprimere,

    Tac. H. 4, 79:

    gubernare et salvam in portu collocare,

    Cic. Pis. 9, 20:

    remis incitare,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 25:

    in navibus vehi,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 37, 89:

    e navi egredi,

    id. Vatin. 5, 12:

    lassus sum hercle e navi,

    from my voyage, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 173:

    navis cursum suum tenens,

    Cic. Planc. 39, 94:

    navem statuere,

    to heave to, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 57:

    navium tutela,

    the image of a deity placed on the stern of the vessel, under whose protection the ship was placed, Ov. Tr. 1, 10, 1; cf. id. H. 16, 112; Val. Fl. 1, 301. The proper badge of a vessel, after which it was named, was placed on the prow: Aeneia puppis Prima tenet rostro Phrygios subjuncta leones. Verg. A. 10, 157; cf. id. ib. 5, 116 sq.:

    TRIREME MARTE, Inscr. Mur. 780, 5.—Prov.: navibus atque quadrigis petere aliquid,

    i. e. with all one's power, with might and main, Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 28; cf. Juv. 9, 131: navem perforare quā ipse quis naviget, i. e. to do one's self an injury, Cic. Fragm. ap. Quint. 8, 6, 47: navem mortuo applicare, to rescue a drowned man from the water, i. e. to bring assistance when too late, Quint. Decl. 12, 23.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    = pudenda muliebria, Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 51; id. Rud. 2, 3, 24; Macr. S. 2, 5.—
    2.
    Navis Argolica, or simply Navis, the ship Argo, placed among the constellations, Cic. Arat. 277.—
    II.
    Trop., of political affairs:

    una navis est jam bonorum omnium,

    Cic. Fam. 12, 25, 5:

    navis rei publicae fluctuans in alto tempestatibus seditionum ac discordiarum,

    id. Sest. 20, 46.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > navis

  • 3 nāvis

        nāvis is （acc. vem or vim; abl. vī or ve), f    [NA-], a ship: naves longae, ships of war, L.: onerariae, transports, L.: praetoria, the admiral's, L.: constratae, decked, L.: tectae naves et leviores apertae, without a deck, L.: auri an paleae, laden with gold or chaff: navim ascendere, S.: adornare, Cs.: deducere, launch, Cs.: terrae adplicare navīs, L.: subducere in aridum, Cs.: agere, work, H.: mercibus implere, Iu.: solvere, set sail, Cs.: cum ad villam navis appelleretur, landed: navem is fregit, was shipwrecked, T.: qui navem gubernassem: in navibus vehi: navium tutela, the image of a deity as guardian (at the stern), O.: puppis rostro Phrygios subiuncta leones (the image at the prow gave the name to the vessel), V.: dura navis, Dura fugae mala, hardships of the sea, H.— Prov.: navibus atque Quadrigis petimus bene vivere, i. e. with might and main, H.—As the name of a constellation, Navis Argolica, or simply Navis, the ship Argo.—Fig., of a state or community, a ship: una navis est iam bonorum omnium: rei p.: O navis, referent in mare te novi Fluctūs! H.
    * * *

    navis longa -- galley, battleship; navis oneraria -- transport/cargo ship

    Latin-English dictionary > nāvis

  • 4 puppis

    puppis, is (acc. rarely puppem, Luc. 3, 545; and 4, 132, acc. to Prisc. p. 758 and 761 P.; abl. puppe, Ov. M. 5, 653; 7, 1; 11, 464 al.; Sil. 14, 525; Stat. Th. 3, 29 et saep.), f. [etym. dub.].
    I.
    The hinder part of a ship, the stern or poop (where also the helm was placed):

    navem convertens ad puppim,

    Cic. Att. 13, 21, 3:

    surgens a puppi ventus,

    astern, right aft, Verg. A. 3, 130:

    e puppi,

    Curt. 4, 4, 8; Ov. M. 3, 651:

    major pars a puppe nantes equos loris trahebat,

    Curt. 7, 9, 4:

    puppes citae,

    Hor. Epod. 9, 20:

    sedebamus in puppi et clavum tenebamus,

    i. e. I sat at the helm of the ship of State, Cic. Fam. 9, 15, 3:

    quam ob rem conscende nobiscum. et quidem ad puppim,

    id. ib. 12, 25, 5.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    In gen., a ship:

    pictae puppes,

    Hor. C. 1, 14, 14; Verg. A. 1, 399; id. G. 3, 362; Ov. H. 13, 97.—
    B.
    As a constellation, The Ship, Cic. Arat. 389.—
    * C.
    In comic lang., the back:

    puppis Pereunda est probe,

    Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 69.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > puppis

  • 5 prora

    prōra, ae (collat. form prōris; acc. prorim, Att. ap. Non. 200, 33, or Trag. 575), f., = prôra.
    I.
    The forepart of a ship, the prow (opp. puppis, the stern;

    class.): astitit prorae,

    Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 65; Lucr. 2, 554:

    prorae admodum erectae,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 13:

    rostrata,

    Plin. 9, 30, 49, § 94:

    terris advertere proram,

    Verg. G. 4, 117; id. A. 6, 3; 7, 35: prorae tutela Melanthus, i. e. the lookout stationed at the prow, = proreta, Ov. M. 3, 617:

    suspensa prora navim in puppim statuebat,

    Liv. 24, 34:

    prorae litore illisae,

    id. 22, 20; Luc. 9, 1082; Stat. Th. 5, 335.—Prov.: mihi prora et puppis, ut Graecorum proverbium est, fuit a me tui dimittendi, ut rationes nostras explicares, i. e. my intention from beginning to end, my whole design, Gr. prôra kai prumnê, Cic. Fam. 16, 24, 1.—
    II.
    Poet., transf., a ship:

    quot prius aeratae steterant ad litora prorae,

    Verg. A. 10, 223; Ov. M. 14, 164.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > prora

  • 6 prymnesius

    prymnēsĭus, a, um, adj., = prumnêsios, belonging to the stern of a ship:

    funis,

    Isid. 19, 4, 6: palus, Paul. ex Fest. p. 224, 16 Müll.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > prymnesius

  • 7 puppis

    stern of a ship, the poop.

    Latin-English dictionary of medieval > puppis

  • 8 puppis

        puppis is, acc. im, abl. ī (puppe, O., Iu.), f    the hinder part of a ship, stern, poop: navem convertens ad puppim: navis longae, L.: surgens a puppi ventus, aft, V.: stans in puppe recurvā, O.: sedebamus in puppi et clavum tenebamus, i. e. at the helm.—A ship: Aeneia, V.: pictae puppes, H.— The ship (a constellation), C. poët.
    * * *
    stern; ship

    Latin-English dictionary > puppis

  • 9 dūrus

        dūrus adj.    with comp. and sup, hard (to the touch): silex, V.: ferrum, H.: bipennes, H.: cutis, O.: corpus, impenetrable, O.: dumeta, i. e. rough, O.: gallina, tough, H.—As subst n.: nil extra est in nuce duri, no shell, H.—Hard, harsh, of a taste: sapor Bacchi, V. — Of a sound, C. — Fig., rough, rude, uncultivated: oratione et moribus: poëta durissimus: durior ad haec studia: virtus, Ta.: gens duro robore nata, V.: componere versūs, H. — Hardy, vigorous, rough: Spartiatae: in armis genus, L.: vindemiator, H.: ilia messorum, H.: iuvenci, O. — Harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, pitiless, insensible, obstinate: pater, T.: se durum agrestemque praebere: durior Diogenes: iudex durior: duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur: nos dura aetas, H.: ōs, shameless, impudent, T.: ore durissimo esse: ferrum, cruel, V.: aures, V.: flectere (me) Mollibus Iam durum imperiis, H.—Of things, hard, severe, toilsome, oppressive, distressing, burdensome, adverse: provincia, T.: fortuna: hiemps: venatus, O.: durissimo tempore anni, inclement, Cs.: valetudo, H.: dolores, V.: iter, V.: proelia, V.: Durum: sed levius fit patientiā, etc., H.: hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant, a difficulty, Cs.: si nihil esset durius, Cs.— Plur n. as subst, hardships, difficulties: Siccis omnia dura deus proposuit, H.: multa, V.: ego dura tuli, O.
    * * *
    dura -um, durior -or -us, durissimus -a -um ADJ
    hard, stern; harsh, rough, vigorous; cruel, unfeeling, inflexible; durable

    Latin-English dictionary > dūrus

  • 10 rigida

    rĭgĭdus, a, um, adj. [rigeo], stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; cf. durus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    pruinae,

    Lucr. 2, 521; cf.:

    rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

    id. 1, 355:

    tellus,

    Verg. G. 2, 316:

    aqua,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 48:

    umbrae,

    Lucr. 5, 764:

    frigus,

    id. 1, 356:

    cervicem rectam oportet esse non rigidam aut supinam,

    Quint. 11, 3, 82; cf. id. 11, 3, 160; so,

    cervix,

    Liv. 35, 11; Suet. Tib. 68; Ov. Tr. 1, 4, 14:

    artus morte,

    Lucr. 6, 1196:

    crura,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 36, 101:

    rostrum,

    Ov. M. 5, 673:

    cornu,

    id. ib. 9, 85:

    setae,

    id. ib. 8, 428:

    capilli,

    id. ib. 10, 425:

    oculi (with extenti),

    Quint. 11, 3, 76 et saep.:

    quercus,

    Verg. E. 6, 28; cf.

    columnae,

    Ov. F. 3, 529:

    malus,

    id. H. 5, 53.—

    In mal. part.: illud,

    Petr. 134, 11; cf. Mart. 6, 49, 2.—

    Hence: custos ruris,

    i. e. Priapus, Ov. F. 1, 391; Auct. Priap. 46; and absol.: rĭgĭda, f., Cat. 56, 7:

    silices,

    hard, Ov. M. 9, 613; 225:

    saxum,

    id. ib. 4, 517:

    mons,

    hard, rocky, id. ib. 8, 797:

    Niphates,

    Hor. C. 2, 9, 20:

    ferrum,

    Ov. R. Am. 19:

    serae,

    id. F. 1, 124:

    ensis,

    Verg. A. 12, 304; Ov. M. 3, 118:

    hasta,

    Verg. A. 10, 346:

    unguis,

    Ov. Am. 2, 6, 4 et saep.—
    II.
    Trop., stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid; hardy, stern, rough (syn.:

    tristis, severus): vox,

    hard, harsh, Quint. 11, 3, 32:

    Sabini,

    rough, rude, unpolished, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 25; Ov. M. 14, 797:

    Getae,

    Hor. C. 3, 24, 11; Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 46:

    fossor,

    hardy, Mart. 7, 71, 4; cf.

    manus,

    Ov. M. 14, 647:

    virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles,

    stern, inflexible, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 17; so,

    censor,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 664:

    parens,

    id. M. 2, 813:

    senes,

    id. F. 4, 310:

    mens,

    id. H. 3, 96:

    vultus,

    id. ib. 4, 73:

    rigidi et tristes satellites,

    Tac. A. 16, 22:

    (Cato) rigidae innocentiae,

    Liv. 39, 40, 10; cf.

    of the younger Cato: rigidi servator honesti,

    Luc. 2, 389; so,

    mores,

    Ov. R. Am. 762:

    rigida duraque sententia Macri,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 19; Sen. Ep. 11, 10; 21, 3; 81, 4:

    Mars,

    rough, fierce, Ov. M. 8, 20:

    leo,

    Mart. 10, 65, 13.— Comp.:

    quis non intellegit Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

    too stiff, hard, harsh, Cic. Brut. 18, 70:

    similis in statuariis differentia... jam minus rigida Calamis fecit,

    Quint. 12, 10, 7.— Sup.:

    Abdera fatua et stoliditatis rigidissimae,

    Arn. 5, 164.—Hence, adv.: rĭgĭdē.
    a.
    Inflexibly; in a straight line, Vitr. 2, 3, 2; Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 4.—
    b.
    Rigorously, severely, Ov. Tr. 2, 251.— Comp.:

    disciplinam militarem rigidius adstringere,

    Val. Max. 9, 7 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > rigida

  • 11 rigidus

    rĭgĭdus, a, um, adj. [rigeo], stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose; cf. durus).
    I.
    Lit.:

    pruinae,

    Lucr. 2, 521; cf.:

    rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

    id. 1, 355:

    tellus,

    Verg. G. 2, 316:

    aqua,

    Ov. Tr. 3, 10, 48:

    umbrae,

    Lucr. 5, 764:

    frigus,

    id. 1, 356:

    cervicem rectam oportet esse non rigidam aut supinam,

    Quint. 11, 3, 82; cf. id. 11, 3, 160; so,

    cervix,

    Liv. 35, 11; Suet. Tib. 68; Ov. Tr. 1, 4, 14:

    artus morte,

    Lucr. 6, 1196:

    crura,

    Cic. N. D. 1, 36, 101:

    rostrum,

    Ov. M. 5, 673:

    cornu,

    id. ib. 9, 85:

    setae,

    id. ib. 8, 428:

    capilli,

    id. ib. 10, 425:

    oculi (with extenti),

    Quint. 11, 3, 76 et saep.:

    quercus,

    Verg. E. 6, 28; cf.

    columnae,

    Ov. F. 3, 529:

    malus,

    id. H. 5, 53.—

    In mal. part.: illud,

    Petr. 134, 11; cf. Mart. 6, 49, 2.—

    Hence: custos ruris,

    i. e. Priapus, Ov. F. 1, 391; Auct. Priap. 46; and absol.: rĭgĭda, f., Cat. 56, 7:

    silices,

    hard, Ov. M. 9, 613; 225:

    saxum,

    id. ib. 4, 517:

    mons,

    hard, rocky, id. ib. 8, 797:

    Niphates,

    Hor. C. 2, 9, 20:

    ferrum,

    Ov. R. Am. 19:

    serae,

    id. F. 1, 124:

    ensis,

    Verg. A. 12, 304; Ov. M. 3, 118:

    hasta,

    Verg. A. 10, 346:

    unguis,

    Ov. Am. 2, 6, 4 et saep.—
    II.
    Trop., stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid; hardy, stern, rough (syn.:

    tristis, severus): vox,

    hard, harsh, Quint. 11, 3, 32:

    Sabini,

    rough, rude, unpolished, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 25; Ov. M. 14, 797:

    Getae,

    Hor. C. 3, 24, 11; Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 46:

    fossor,

    hardy, Mart. 7, 71, 4; cf.

    manus,

    Ov. M. 14, 647:

    virtutis verae custos rigidusque satelles,

    stern, inflexible, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 17; so,

    censor,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 664:

    parens,

    id. M. 2, 813:

    senes,

    id. F. 4, 310:

    mens,

    id. H. 3, 96:

    vultus,

    id. ib. 4, 73:

    rigidi et tristes satellites,

    Tac. A. 16, 22:

    (Cato) rigidae innocentiae,

    Liv. 39, 40, 10; cf.

    of the younger Cato: rigidi servator honesti,

    Luc. 2, 389; so,

    mores,

    Ov. R. Am. 762:

    rigida duraque sententia Macri,

    Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 19; Sen. Ep. 11, 10; 21, 3; 81, 4:

    Mars,

    rough, fierce, Ov. M. 8, 20:

    leo,

    Mart. 10, 65, 13.— Comp.:

    quis non intellegit Canachi signa rigidiora esse quam ut imitentur veritatem?

    too stiff, hard, harsh, Cic. Brut. 18, 70:

    similis in statuariis differentia... jam minus rigida Calamis fecit,

    Quint. 12, 10, 7.— Sup.:

    Abdera fatua et stoliditatis rigidissimae,

    Arn. 5, 164.—Hence, adv.: rĭgĭdē.
    a.
    Inflexibly; in a straight line, Vitr. 2, 3, 2; Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 4.—
    b.
    Rigorously, severely, Ov. Tr. 2, 251.— Comp.:

    disciplinam militarem rigidius adstringere,

    Val. Max. 9, 7 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > rigidus

  • 12 tristis

    tristis, e, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. trastas, frightened; and Lat. terreo], sad, sorrowful, mournful, dejected, melancholy, disconsolate, trist (syn.: maestus, severus, austerus, luctuosus).
    I.
    In gen.:

    maesti tristesque,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 18:

    cum maestus errares, quaerere ex te, quid tristis esses,

    Cic. Div. 1, 28, 59:

    tristis et conturbatus,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32:

    tristis, demissus,

    id. Mur. 21, 45:

    sic tristes affatus amicos,

    Hor. C. 1, 7, 24:

    Sequanos tristes, capite demisso, terram intueri,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 32:

    numquam ego te tristiorem Vidi esse,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 55:

    oderunt hilarem tristes, tristemque jocosi,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 89:

    (faciet) hominem ex tristi lepidum et lenem,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 3, 7:

    quid tu tristis es?

    id. ib. 2, 2, 6; id. Men. 5, 2, 27; 5, 2, 59:

    quid es tam tristis?

    Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 20:

    malle se adulescentem tristem quam hilarem,

    Sen. Ep. 36, 3:

    tristis Erat et me maestum videbat,

    Curt. 6, 11, 27; Sen. Tranq. 15, 4.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    Of things associated with misfortune or suggestive of sadness, melancholy, saddening, unhappy:

    ut tuum laetissimum diem cum tristissimo meo conferam,

    Cic. Pis. 14, 33; cf.:

    vel defensus tristibus temporibus vel ornatus secundis,

    id. Fam. 15, 7:

    esse vultu tristi,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 124:

    tristissima exta,

    Cic. Div. 2, 15, 36:

    tristissimi exsilii solatium,

    Liv. 5, 51, 1:

    tristissimam exegimus noctem,

    most miserable, Petr. 115:

    sors,

    unhappy, miserable, Cic. Mur. 20, 42:

    eventus,

    Liv. 8, 24, 18:

    Kalendae,

    sad, dismal, Hor. S. 1, 3, 87:

    Hyades,

    id. C. 1, 3, 14:

    Orion,

    id. Epod. 10, 10:

    bella,

    id. A. P. 73:

    clades,

    id. C. 3, 3, 62:

    morbus,

    Verg. G. 4, 252:

    fatum,

    Hor. S. 1, 9, 29:

    jus sepulcri,

    Ov. M. 13, 472:

    officium (exsequiarum),

    id. ib. 12, 4:

    funera,

    Verg. G. 4, 256; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 74:

    pars subiere feretro, Triste ministerium,

    Verg. A. 6, 223:

    Tartara,

    id. ib. 4, 243:

    Acheron,

    Sil. 13, 571:

    tristique palus inamabilis undā,

    Verg. A. 6, 438; Hor. C. 2, 14, 8:

    arbores,

    gloomy, sombre, Plin. 16, 25, 40, § 95:

    adspectus (arboris),

    id. 13, 22, 40, § 120:

    tristes et squalidi trunci,

    Sen. Ep. 12, 1.—
    2.
    Of taste:

    quod triste et amarum est,

    harsh, disagreeable, bitter, Lucr. 4, 634:

    suci,

    Verg. G. 2, 126:

    lupinum,

    id. ib. 1, 75:

    absinthia,

    Ov. P. 3, 1, 23; 3, 8, 15:

    epulae,

    Sil. 3, 281: sapor. Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 12:

    pocula,

    Tib. 1, 5, 50.—
    3.
    Of smell, offensive, foul:

    anhelitus oris,

    Ov. A. A. 1, 521.—
    4.
    As subst.: triste, is, n., a sad thing, etc. ( poet.):

    triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres, Arboribus venti,

    a sad thing, a pest, bane, Verg. E. 3, 80:

    interdum miscentur tristia laetis,

    Ov. F. 6, 463; cf.:

    nunc ego mitibus Mutare quaero tristia,

    Hor. C. 1, 16, 26. Thus Ovid called his elegies that were written in exile Tristia.—
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Of behavior, etc., towards others.
    1.
    Glum, gloomy, peevish, morose, ill-humored (syn.:

    tetricus, severus, austerus): stultitia est, ei te esse tristem,

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 4: eia, mea Juno, non decet te esse tam [p. 1902] tristem tuo Jovi, id. ib. 2, 3, 14: mihi erit tristior, Afran. ap. Non. 410, 2:

    tristis amica ingrato viro,

    Prop. 1, 6, 10:

    puella,

    id. 1, 10, 21:

    navita tristis (Charon),

    gloomy, sullen, Verg. A. 6, 315; so,

    dii,

    Hor. S. 1, 5, 103:

    Erinys,

    Verg. A. 2, 337:

    sorores,

    i. e. the Fates, Tib. 3, 3, 35; Sen. Tranq. 7, 6:

    ursa,

    Stat. Achill. 2, 409.—
    2.
    Stern, harsh, severe:

    judex tristis et integer,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 30; cf.:

    cum tristibus severe, cum remissis jucunde vivere,

    id. Cael. 6, 13.—
    B.
    Transf., of things, gloomy, sad, melancholy, stern, harsh, etc.:

    truculentis oculis, tristi fronte,

    Plaut. As. 2, 3, 21:

    voltus,

    id. Most. 3, 2, 124:

    fronte gravi et tristi supercilio,

    Plin. Pan. 41, 3: idem naturā tristiori paululo, Afran. ap. Non. 410, 2:

    vultus severior et tristior,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 289; cf.:

    tristis severitas inest in vultu,

    Ter. And. 5, 2, 16:

    vita tristior,

    Cic. Off. 1, 30, 108:

    triste et severum genus dicendi,

    id. Brut. 30, 113; cf.:

    sermo tristis (opp. jocosus),

    Hor. S. 1, 10, 11: senectus, Verg. ap. Sen. Ep. 108, 29; cf.:

    tristis et plenus dignitatis sonus,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 2, 7:

    perfert in judiciis tristem et impexam antiquitatem,

    Tac. Or. 20.—Of languages, etc.:

    tua tristia dicta,

    Verg. A. 10, 612:

    sententia,

    Ov. M. 15, 43; Liv. 8, 21, 2:

    responsum,

    id. 9, 16, 3:

    senatūs consultum,

    id. 5, 6, 2.— Adv.: tristĕ, sadly, sorrowfully; harshly, severely:

    salutantes,

    Stat. Th. 4, 19:

    triste et acutum resonare,

    Hor. S. 1, 8, 41:

    rigens frons,

    Stat. S. 5, 1, 64.— Comp.:

    flere tristius,

    Prop. 2, 20 (3, 13), 2:

    adulescentes gravius aegrotant, tristius curantur,

    with more difficulty, Cic. Sen. 19, 67:

    respondere tristius,

    more harshly, id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tristis

  • 13 fastigium

    fastīgĭum, ii, n. [cf. Sanscr. bhrshtīs, corner, rim; Gr. a-phlaston, aplustria, the ornamented stern of a ship; O. H. Germ. brort, the prow], the top of a gable, a gable end, pediment (syn.: cacumen, culmen, vertex, apex).
    I.
    Prop.:

    Capitolii fastigium illud et ceterarum aedium non venustas, sed necessitas ipsa fabricata est... utilitatem templi fastigii dignitas consecuta est,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 46, 180; cf.:

    fastigia aliquot templorum a culminibus abrupta,

    Liv. 40, 2, 3:

    evado ad summi fastigia culminis,

    Verg. A. 2, 458; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 4, § 14.—Hence, meton., the roof of a house, Verg. A. 8, 491; 9, 568; Val. Fl. 2, 235:

    habere pulvinar, simulacrum, fastigium, flaminem,

    id. Phil. 2, 43, 110; cf.

    of the same: omnes unum in principem congesti honores: circa templa imagines... suggestus in curia, fastigium in domo, mensis in caelo,

    Flor. 4, 2 fin.:

    Romae signa eorum sunt in Palatina aede Apollinis in fastigio,

    Plin. 36, 5, 4, § 13; cf. id. 35, 12, 43, § 152; Vitr. 3, 2.— Transf.:

    operi tamquam fastigium imponere,

    Cic. Off. 3, 7, 33.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    The extreme part, extremity of a thing, whether above or below.
    a.
    Top, height, summit:

    colles... pari altitudinis fastigio oppidum cingebant,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 69, 4:

    opus nondum aquae fastigium aequabat,

    Curt. 4, 2, 19:

    summi operis,

    id. 4, 2, 8:

    jamque agger aequaverat summae fastigia terrae,

    id. 8, 10, 31:

    aquatilium ova rotunda, reliqua fere fastigio acuminata,

    Plin. 10, 52, 74, § 145:

    gracilitas (arundinis) nodis distincta leni fastigio tenuatur in cacumina,

    id. 16, 36, 64, § 158; cf.:

    cornua in leve fastigium exacuta,

    id. 11, 37, 45, § 124; 16, 33, 60, § 141; Vulg. 2 Reg. 18, 24.—In plur., Lucr. 4, 827:

    muri,

    Val. Fl. 2, 553:

    fontis fastigium,

    i. e. the height on which the fountain sprang up, Hirt. B. G. 8, 41, 5.—
    b.
    The lower part, depth: forsitan et scrobibus quae sint fastigia, quaeres, [p. 728] what should be the depth of the trenches, Verg. G. 2, 288.—
    2.
    (From the sloping form of the gable.) A slope, declivity, descent:

    ab oppido declivis locus tenui fastigio vergebat,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 45, 5:

    jugum paulo leniore fastigio,

    id. ib. 2, 24, 3:

    iniquum loci ad declivitatem fastigium,

    id. B. G. 7, 85, 4:

    rupes leniore submissa fastigio,

    Curt. 6, 6, 11:

    capreoli molli fastigio,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 10, 3; 2, 24, 3:

    musculi,

    id. ib. 2, 11, 1:

    scrobes paulatim angustiore ad infimum fastigio,

    i. e. gradually narrowing from top to bottom, id. B. G. 7, 73, 5; cf.:

    si (fossa) fastigium habet, ut (aqua) exeat e fundo,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 14, 2.—
    3.
    In the later grammarians, an accent placed over a word, Mart. Cap. 3, § 264; § 268 al.; Diom. p. 428 P.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    The highest part, summit, the highest degree, most exalted rank or dignity (perh. only since the Aug. per.):

    quicquid numinum hanc Romani imperii molem in amplissimum terrarum orbis fastigium extulit,

    Vell. 2, 131, 1; cf.:

    sic fit, ut dei summum inter homines fastigium servent,

    Plin. Pan. 52, 2:

    et quoad usque ad memoriam nostram tribuniciis consularibusque certatum viribus est, dictaturae semper altius fastigium fuit,

    Liv. 6, 38 fin.; cf.:

    in consulare fastigium vehi,

    Vell. 2, 69, 1:

    ad regium fastigium evehere aliquem,

    Val. Max. 1, 6, 1:

    alii cives ejusdem fastigii,

    Liv. 3, 35, 9:

    stare in fastigio eloquentiae,

    Quint. 12, 1, 20:

    rhetoricen in tam sublime fastigium sine arte venisse,

    id. 2, 17, 3:

    et poësis ab Homero et Vergilio tantum fastigium accepit, et eloquentia a Demosthene,

    id. 12, 11, 26; cf.:

    magice in tantum fastigii adolevit, ut, etc.,

    grew into such esteem, Plin. 30, 1, 1, § 2.—
    2.
    In gen., dignity, rank, condition:

    (M. Laetorio) curatio altior fastigio suo data est,

    Liv. 2, 27, 6; cf.:

    ampliora etiam humano fastigio decerni sibi passus est,

    Suet. Caes. 76:

    tamquam mortale fastigium egressus,

    Tac. A. 15, 74:

    animus super humanum fastigium elatus,

    Curt. 9, 10 med.:

    quales ex humili magna ad fastigia rerum extollit Fortuna,

    Juv. 3, 39.—
    B.
    A leading or chief point, head in a discourse; a principal sort or kind (rare):

    summa sequar fastigia rerum,

    Verg. A. 1, 342:

    e quibus tribus fastigiis (agrorum) simplicibus,

    sorts, kinds, Varr. R. R. 1, 6, 2:

    propter haec tria fastigia formae discrimina quaedam fiunt sationum,

    id. ib. 1, 5:

    haec atque hujuscemodi tria fastigia agri, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 6, 6; cf.

    also: quo fastigio sit fundus,

    id. ib. 1, 20 fin. (and v. Lachm. ad Lucr. p. 223):

    laudem relego fastigia summa,

    Prisc. Laud. Anast. 148.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > fastigium

  • 14 dura

    dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

    et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    silex,

    Verg. A. 6, 471:

    ferrum,

    Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

    cautes,

    Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

    bipennes,

    Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

    ligones,

    id. Epod. 5, 30:

    aratrum,

    id. S. 1, 1, 28:

    compes,

    id. Epod. 4, 4:

    pellis,

    Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

    arva,

    id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

    cutis,

    Ov. M. 8, 805:

    alvus,

    Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

    muria,

    saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

    dumeta,

    i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

    gallina,

    tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

    fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

    Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

    ladanum durissimum tactu,

    Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

    durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

    Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.
    (α).
    E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—
    (β).
    Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    As affecting the sense of taste:

    vinum, opp. suavis,

    hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

    sapor Bacchi,

    Verg. G. 4, 102:

    acetum,

    Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—
    2.
    As affecting the ear:

    vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

    aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

    Quint. 8, 6, 62:

    consonantes,

    id. 11, 3, 35:

    syllabae,

    id. 12, 10, 30:

    verba,

    id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

    compositio,

    id. 9, 4, 142.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

    Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

    Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

    Attilius poëta durissimus,

    id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

    C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

    id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

    pictor durus in coloribus,

    Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

    terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

    id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—
    2.
    But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

    fortes et duri Spartiatae,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

    Ligures, durum in armis genus,

    Liv. 27, 48:

    durum genus experiensque laborum,

    hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

    unde homines nati, durum genus,

    Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

    gens dura atque aspera cultu,

    a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

    genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

    Lucr. 5, 926:

    Dardanidae,

    Verg. A. 3, 94:

    Hannibal,

    Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

    Iberia,

    id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

    vindemiator,

    id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

    ilia messorum,

    id. Epod. 3, 4:

    juvenci,

    Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —
    B.
    Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

    quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

    Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

    quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

    id. Arch. 8:

    neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

    id. Lael. 13 fin.;

    ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

    Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

    satis pater durus fui,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

    Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

    mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

    Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

    duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

    Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

    quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

    id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

    ōs durum,

    shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

    cor,

    Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—
    C.
    Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

    opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

    servitus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

    lex,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

    condicio,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

    provincia,

    Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

    partes,

    id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

    dolor,

    Lucr. 3, 460:

    labor,

    id. 5, 1272:

    subvectiones,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

    venatus,

    Ov. M. 4, 307:

    dura cultu et aspera plaga,

    Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

    durissimo tempore anni,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

    morbum acrem ac durum,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

    valetudo,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

    dolores,

    Verg. A. 5, 5:

    frigus,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

    fames,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

    pauperies,

    id. C. 4, 9, 49:

    causa,

    Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

    nomen (opp. molle),

    Cic. Off. 1, 12:

    verbum,

    id. Brut. 79, 274:

    propositio,

    Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

    ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

    Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

    siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

    Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

    ego dura tuli,

    Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

    hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

    if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.
    A.
    (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

    juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

    Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

    durius,

    Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —
    B.
    (Acc. to II. A.-C.)
    1.
    Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

    membra moventes Duriter,

    Lucr. 5, 1401:

    duriter,

    Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

    dure,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—
    b.
    Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

    vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—
    2.
    Harshly, roughly, sternly:

    quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

    Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

    duriter,

    Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—
    3.
    Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

    durius cadentibus rebus,

    Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > dura

  • 15 durum

    dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

    et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    silex,

    Verg. A. 6, 471:

    ferrum,

    Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

    cautes,

    Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

    bipennes,

    Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

    ligones,

    id. Epod. 5, 30:

    aratrum,

    id. S. 1, 1, 28:

    compes,

    id. Epod. 4, 4:

    pellis,

    Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

    arva,

    id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

    cutis,

    Ov. M. 8, 805:

    alvus,

    Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

    muria,

    saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

    dumeta,

    i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

    gallina,

    tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

    fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

    Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

    ladanum durissimum tactu,

    Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

    durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

    Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.
    (α).
    E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—
    (β).
    Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    As affecting the sense of taste:

    vinum, opp. suavis,

    hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

    sapor Bacchi,

    Verg. G. 4, 102:

    acetum,

    Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—
    2.
    As affecting the ear:

    vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

    aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

    Quint. 8, 6, 62:

    consonantes,

    id. 11, 3, 35:

    syllabae,

    id. 12, 10, 30:

    verba,

    id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

    compositio,

    id. 9, 4, 142.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

    Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

    Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

    Attilius poëta durissimus,

    id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

    C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

    id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

    pictor durus in coloribus,

    Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

    terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

    id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—
    2.
    But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

    fortes et duri Spartiatae,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

    Ligures, durum in armis genus,

    Liv. 27, 48:

    durum genus experiensque laborum,

    hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

    unde homines nati, durum genus,

    Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

    gens dura atque aspera cultu,

    a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

    genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

    Lucr. 5, 926:

    Dardanidae,

    Verg. A. 3, 94:

    Hannibal,

    Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

    Iberia,

    id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

    vindemiator,

    id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

    ilia messorum,

    id. Epod. 3, 4:

    juvenci,

    Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —
    B.
    Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

    quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

    Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

    quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

    id. Arch. 8:

    neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

    id. Lael. 13 fin.;

    ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

    Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

    satis pater durus fui,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

    Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

    mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

    Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

    duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

    Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

    quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

    id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

    ōs durum,

    shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

    cor,

    Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—
    C.
    Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

    opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

    servitus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

    lex,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

    condicio,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

    provincia,

    Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

    partes,

    id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

    dolor,

    Lucr. 3, 460:

    labor,

    id. 5, 1272:

    subvectiones,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

    venatus,

    Ov. M. 4, 307:

    dura cultu et aspera plaga,

    Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

    durissimo tempore anni,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

    morbum acrem ac durum,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

    valetudo,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

    dolores,

    Verg. A. 5, 5:

    frigus,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

    fames,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

    pauperies,

    id. C. 4, 9, 49:

    causa,

    Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

    nomen (opp. molle),

    Cic. Off. 1, 12:

    verbum,

    id. Brut. 79, 274:

    propositio,

    Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

    ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

    Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

    siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

    Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

    ego dura tuli,

    Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

    hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

    if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.
    A.
    (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

    juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

    Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

    durius,

    Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —
    B.
    (Acc. to II. A.-C.)
    1.
    Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

    membra moventes Duriter,

    Lucr. 5, 1401:

    duriter,

    Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

    dure,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—
    b.
    Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

    vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—
    2.
    Harshly, roughly, sternly:

    quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

    Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

    duriter,

    Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—
    3.
    Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

    durius cadentibus rebus,

    Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > durum

  • 16 durus

    dūrus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. root dhar, to fix, confirm], hard.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling:

    et validi silices ac duri robora ferri,

    Lucr. 2, 449; so,

    silex,

    Verg. A. 6, 471:

    ferrum,

    Hor. C. 3, 11, 31:

    cautes,

    Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672:

    bipennes,

    Hor. C. 4, 4, 57:

    ligones,

    id. Epod. 5, 30:

    aratrum,

    id. S. 1, 1, 28:

    compes,

    id. Epod. 4, 4:

    pellis,

    Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502:

    arva,

    id. ib. 2, 341; cf.

    cutis,

    Ov. M. 8, 805:

    alvus,

    Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf.

    muria,

    saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria:

    dumeta,

    i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.:

    gallina,

    tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.:

    fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient,

    Plin. 22, 23, 47, § 99 et saep.— Sup.:

    ladanum durissimum tactu,

    Plin. 26, 8, 30, § 48; cf.:

    durissimus tophus vel carbunculus,

    Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.
    (α).
    E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—
    (β).
    Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    As affecting the sense of taste:

    vinum, opp. suavis,

    hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.:

    sapor Bacchi,

    Verg. G. 4, 102:

    acetum,

    Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—
    2.
    As affecting the ear:

    vocis genera permulta:... grave acutum, flexibile durum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.):

    aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio,

    Quint. 8, 6, 62:

    consonantes,

    id. 11, 3, 35:

    syllabae,

    id. 12, 10, 30:

    verba,

    id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72:

    compositio,

    id. 9, 4, 142.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated:

    Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus,

    Cic. Brut. 31; cf.:

    (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus,

    id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29:

    Attilius poëta durissimus,

    id. Att. 14, 20, 3:

    C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur,

    id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. § 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.:

    pictor durus in coloribus,

    Plin. 35, 11, 40, § 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.:

    terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis,

    id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—
    2.
    But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets):

    fortes et duri Spartiatae,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.:

    Ligures, durum in armis genus,

    Liv. 27, 48:

    durum genus experiensque laborum,

    hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414:

    unde homines nati, durum genus,

    Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. laas and laos, Pind. Ol. 9, 71):

    gens dura atque aspera cultu,

    a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730:

    genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset,

    Lucr. 5, 926:

    Dardanidae,

    Verg. A. 3, 94:

    Hannibal,

    Hor. C. 2, 12, 2:

    Iberia,

    id. ib. 4, 14, 50:

    vindemiator,

    id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.:

    ilia messorum,

    id. Epod. 3, 4:

    juvenci,

    Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —
    B.
    Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate:

    quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc.,

    Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.:

    quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc.,

    id. Arch. 8:

    neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt,

    id. Lael. 13 fin.;

    ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili,

    Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12:

    satis pater durus fui,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17:

    Varius qui est habitus judex durior,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4:

    mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis,

    Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere):

    duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis,

    Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7:

    quid nos dura refugimus aetas?

    id. ib. 1, 35, 34:

    ōs durum,

    shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451:

    cor,

    Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—
    C.
    Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate:

    opulento homini hoc servitus dura est,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so,

    servitus,

    Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf.

    lex,

    Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1:

    condicio,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.:

    provincia,

    Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf.

    partes,

    id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A:

    dolor,

    Lucr. 3, 460:

    labor,

    id. 5, 1272:

    subvectiones,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

    venatus,

    Ov. M. 4, 307:

    dura cultu et aspera plaga,

    Liv. 45, 30 fin.:

    durissimo tempore anni,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.:

    morbum acrem ac durum,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf.

    valetudo,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 88:

    dolores,

    Verg. A. 5, 5:

    frigus,

    Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10:

    fames,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 6:

    pauperies,

    id. C. 4, 9, 49:

    causa,

    Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26:

    nomen (opp. molle),

    Cic. Off. 1, 12:

    verbum,

    id. Brut. 79, 274:

    propositio,

    Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf.

    ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc.,

    Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties:

    siccis omnia dura deus proposuit,

    Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522:

    ego dura tuli,

    Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.:

    hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant,

    if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.— Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.
    A.
    (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly:

    juga premunt duriter colla (boum),

    Vitr. 10, 8.— Comp.:

    durius,

    Vitr. 10, 15 fin. —
    B.
    (Acc. to II. A.-C.)
    1.
    Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly:

    membra moventes Duriter,

    Lucr. 5, 1401:

    duriter,

    Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15:

    dure,

    Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.— Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—
    b.
    Hardily, rigorously, austerely:

    vitam parce ac duriter agebat,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—
    2.
    Harshly, roughly, sternly:

    quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit,

    Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.:

    duriter,

    Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.— Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—
    3.
    Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately:

    durius cadentibus rebus,

    Suet. Tib. 14 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > durus

  • 17 astrum

    astrum, i, n. [perh. astron borrowed; cf. astêr; Sanscr. staras (plur.); Engl. star; Germ. Stern; Goth. stairno; and stella; Kuhn compares: Sanscr. star, Lat. sterno, Gr. strônnumi, Engl. strew, the stars being so called as strewn over the vault of heaven, as in Hor. S. 1, 5, 10], a star, a constellation ( poet. or in more elevated prose).
    I.
    Lit., Verg. E. 9, 47; id. A. 4, 352; 5, 838; 8, 590; Ov. M. 1, 73; 11, 309; Hor. C. 3, 21, 24; 3, 27, 31; id. Epod. 16, 61; id. Ep. 2, 2, 187; Prop. 2, 32, 50; 3, 16, 15; Mart. 8, 21 al.; Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. N. D. 2, 46, 118; id. Tusc. 1, 25, 62; id. Tim. 12.—In Vulg. only plur.: astra caeli, Deut. 4, 10; 10, 22; 28, 62: donec egrediantur astra, 2 Esdr. 4, 21: astra matutina, Job, 38, 7.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    For height:

    turris educta sub astra,

    Verg. A. 2, 460:

    Ter spumam elisam et rorantia vidimus astra,

    id. ib. 3, 567:

    Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus,

    Ov. M. 1, 316:

    super astra Dei exaltabo solium meum,

    Vulg. Isa. 14, 13 al. —
    B.
    Heaven, and the immortality of the glory connected with it:

    sic itur ad astra,

    Verg. A. 9, 641:

    aliquem inferre astris,

    Ov. M. 9, 272; 15, 846: Daphnimque tuum tollemus ad astra;

    Daphnim ad astra feremus,

    Verg. E. 5, 52:

    educere in astra,

    Hor. C. 4, 2, 23:

    absentem rusticus urbem Tollit ad astra,

    praises to the skies, id. S. 2, 7, 29 al.:

    Hortalus nostras laudes in astra sustulit,

    extolled to the skies, Cic. Att. 2, 25, 1 (cf. the opp.:

    decidere ex astris, i. e. summam gloriam perdere,

    id. ib. 2, 21, 4).

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > astrum

  • 18 duro

    dūro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [durus], to make hard, to harden (mostly ante-class. and post-Aug.; not in Cic.).
    I.
    Lit.
    (α).
    Act.:

    quae nobis durata ac spissa videntur, Haec, etc.,

    Lucr. 2, 444; so in the part. perf.:

    coria (with condurare ferrum),

    id. 6, 970; cf.

    cutis,

    Ov. M. 4, 577:

    caementa calce (opp. interlita luto),

    Liv. 21, 11:

    ova in aqua,

    Plin. 29, 3, 11, § 45:

    pontus frigore,

    Ov. P. 4, 9, 85:

    nives solo,

    Hor. C. 3, 24, 39:

    aqua salibus,

    i. e. strongly saturated, Col. 7, 4 fin., v. durus, I.:

    ungulas (mularum),

    id. 6, 37, 11:

    ferrum ictibus,

    Plin. 34, 15, 43, § 149:

    guttas in grana,

    id. 12, 19, 42, § 94:

    uvam fumo,

    i. e. to dry, preserve, Hor. S. 2, 4, 72.—In medic. lang.: corpus, i. e. to bind, make costive, opp. mollire, Cels. 2, 14; cf. id. 2, 33 fin. —In fullers' lang., to harden, stiffen or full cloth: Art. Non queo durare. Par. Si non didicisti fulloniam, non mirandumst, Plaut. As. 5, 2, 57 (with a punning reference to the meaning II. A. 2.).—
    (β).
    Neutr.:

    tum durare solum et discludere Nerea ponto Coeperit, i. q. durescere,

    Verg. E. 6, 35; so,

    vino minime durante, uva maxime,

    Plin. 14, 3, 4, § 37.—
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    (Acc. to durus, II. A. 2.).
    1.
    Act., to harden with use or labor, etc.; to make hardy or callous, to inure (class.):

    opere in duro membra manusque,

    Lucr. 5, 1359; cf.:

    membra animumque,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 119:

    umeros ad vulnera,

    Verg. G. 3, 257: hoc se labore durant homines adolescentes, * Caes. B. G. 6, 28, 3; cf.:

    exercitum crebris expeditionibus, patientiaque periculorum,

    Vell. 2, 78, 2:

    cor,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 6; cf.

    mentem,

    Tac. A. 3, 15 al.:

    ab duratis usu armorum pulsi,

    Liv. 7, 29; so in the part., id. 23, 18; 30, 28:

    durati bellis,

    id. 42, 52:

    vitia durantur,

    grow inveterate, Quint. 1, 1, 37.—
    2.
    Neutr. (so most freq.), to be hardened, inured to troubles, i. e. to be patient, to wait, persevere; to endure, hold out:

    durare nequeo in aedibus,

    Plaut. Am. 3, 2, 1; cf. id. Men. 5, 2, 31; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 15; Liv. 5, 2, 7; 38, 7 fin.; Quint. 11, 3, 23; Verg. A. 9, 604; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 82 al.; cf. impers., Liv. 10, 46:

    durate et vosmet rebus servate secundis,

    Verg. A. 1, 207; cf. Suet. Calig. 45; Auct. ap. Quint. 9, 2, 91; Ov. Am. 3, 11, 27 al.:

    nequeo durare, quin, etc.,

    Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 22:

    durare nequeo quin intro eam,

    id. Mil. 4, 6, 34; Suet. Claud. 26.—
    (β).
    With acc., to bear, endure ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    patior quemvis durare laborem,

    Verg. A. 8, 577:

    quascumque vias,

    Stat. S. 5, 2, 153;

    and of inanimate subjects: sine funibus Vix durare carinae Possunt imperiosius Aequor,

    Hor. C. 1, 14, 7; cf.:

    (vitis genus) quod siccitatem durat et ventos,

    Pall. Febr. 9, 1.—
    (γ).
    With inf.:

    non quis parumper durare opperier,

    Plaut. Truc. 2, 3, 5.—
    b.
    In gen., to hold out, to continue in existence, to last, remain (very freq.): Ar. Ubi illaec (talenta) quae dedi ante? Cl. Abusa. Num si ea durarent mihi, [p. 621] etc., Plaut. As. 1, 3, 44:

    uti quam diutissime durent oleae,

    Cato R. R. 58; 104; Varr. R. R. 1, 59, 3:

    omnem durare per aevom,

    Lucr. 3, 605; cf. id. 3, 812; Verg. G. 2, 100; Suet. Calig. 6 al.:

    neque post mortem durare videtur (corpus),

    Lucr. 3, 339; cf. ib. 561:

    ad posteros virtus durabit,

    Quint. 3, 1, 21; cf. id. 1, 11, 18; 3, 1, 9; 5, 11, 41:

    maneat quaeso duretque gentibus, si non amor nostri, at certe odium sui,

    Tac. G. 33:

    durante originis vi,

    id. Agr. 11; cf. Petr. 96, 3:

    durante bello,

    Tac. A. 14, 39; so with adhuc, Suet. Gramm. 24; cf.:

    munera, quibus donatus est, durant, ostendunturque adhuc Bais,

    are still in existence, id. Tib. 6 et saep.—With inf.:

    ut vivere durent,

    Luc. 4, 519; so Sil. 10, 653; 11, 75; Petr. 41, 2.—In Tacitus sometimes of persons, for vivere, to live:

    narratum ab iis, qui nostram ad juventam duraverunt,

    Tac. A. 3, 16; id. Or. 17; id. Agr. 44. And once in the same author (acc. to the better reading) of extension in space: durant colles (= continuantur, ultra porriguntur; French, s'y prolongent), extend continuously to the frontier, Germ. 30.—
    B.
    (Acc. to durus, II. B.)
    1.
    Act., to render hard, callous, insensible; to dull, to blunt (rare and perh. not ante-Aug.):

    aerea dehinc ferro (Juppiter) duravit saecula,

    Hor. Epod. 16, 65:

    ad plagas durari,

    Quint. 1, 3, 14 (cf. §

    12: quae in pravam induruerunt): ad omne facinus durato,

    Tac. H. 4, 59.—Of the affections, Vulg. Job, 39, 16.— Pass.:

    linguae vitia, inemendabili in posterum pravitate durantur,

    to become confirmed, incurable, Quint. 1, 1, 37.—
    2.
    Neutr., to be hard, stern, callous, insensible (rare and not ante-Aug.):

    ut non durat (pater) ultra poenam abdicationis,

    Quint. 9, 2, 88:

    in nullius umquam suorum necem duravit,

    Tac. A. 1, 6; Petr. 105 fin.; cf.:

    usque ad caedem ejus duratura filii odia,

    Tac. A. 14, 1 fin.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > duro

  • 19 severum

    1.
    sĕvērus, a, um, adj. [perh. kindr. with serius], serious, grave, strict, austere, stern, severe in aspect, demeanor, conduct, etc. (of persons and things; serius regularly only of things; v. serius; class. and freq.).
    I.
    Of persons:

    nam te omnes saevom severumque commemorant,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

    quam severus!

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 21; id. Eun. 2, 1, 21:

    civis severus et gravis,

    Cic. Lael. 25, 95; cf.:

    omnium gravissimus et severissimus, etc.,

    id. de Or. 2, 56, 228:

    Tubero (Stoicus) vitā severus,

    id. Brut. 31, 117; cf.:

    Stoicorum secta severissima,

    Quint. 1, 10, 15:

    agricolae,

    hardended by toil, rugged, Lucr. 5, 1357:

    Cures,

    Verg. A. 8, 638:

    Zethus,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 42; cf. in comp.:

    rumores senum severiorum,

    Cat. 5, 2.—Of those who live a sober and temperate life:

    at vos hinc abite, lymphae, Vini pernicies et ad severos Migrate,

    Cat. 27, 6:

    adimam cantare severis,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 10; 1, 5, 13:

    legis custodes,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: neque severus esse (potest) in judicando, qui [p. 1687] alios in se severos esse judices non vult, id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 38; so,

    judices severi in eos solos,

    id. Clu. 20, 56; cf.:

    severissimos atque integerrimos judices,

    id. Verr. 1, 10, 30:

    ex familiā ad judicandum severissimā,

    id. ib.:

    ubi haec severus te palam laudaveram,

    Hor. Epod. 11, 19:

    auctor e severissimis,

    Plin. 11, 52, 114, § 274:

    Aristolaus e severissimis pictoribus fuit,

    id. 35, 11, 40, § 137 (for which, just before: austerior colore).—
    B.
    In a bad sense, harsh, rough, crabbed, rigid, severe (rare):

    Neptunus saevus severusque,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

    idem acerbe severus in filium,

    Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112 dub. (a passage bracketed by B. and K.):

    in me severior quam in vos,

    Liv. 7, 40, 7; Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21:

    Eumenidum turba,

    Prop. 4 (5), 11, 22; cf. II. B.—
    II.
    Of things, grave, serious, severe, austere, etc.:

    severā fronte curas cogitans,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 46:

    vultus severior et tristior,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 289; cf. Hor. A. P 107:

    frons,

    Ov. Tr. 2, 241: Falernum, rough, sharp, tart (syn. austerum), Hor. C. 1, 27, 9:

    divaeque (Palladis) severas Fronde ligare comas,

    Stat. Achill. 1, 288:

    animus (opp. mitis),

    Quint. 3, 9, 7:

    disciplina maxime severa,

    id. 1, 2, 5:

    imperia severiora,

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 43:

    judicia severa,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 133:

    lex,

    Ov. P. 3, 3, 57:

    severiora judicia,

    Quint. 4, 2, 122:

    severiores leges,

    id. 12, 1, 40; cf.:

    Lycurgus severissimarum justissimarumque legum auctor,

    Vell. 1, 6, 3:

    imperii severissimi vir,

    Liv. 4, 26:

    quod ego dixi per jocum, Id eventurum esse et severum et serium,

    Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 51:

    linque severa,

    Hor. C. 3, 8, 28:

    paulo severior poena,

    Sall. C. 51, 15.—Of style:

    sententiae graves et severae,

    Cic. Brut. 95, 325:

    triste et severum genus dicendi,

    id. ib. 30, 113; so Quint. 2, 4, 6; 6, 3, 102; 9, 4, 63 sq.; 10, 1, 131 al.; cf.:

    severae Musa tragoediae,

    Hor. C. 2, 1, 9:

    fidibus voces crevere severis,

    id. A. P. 216.—
    B.
    Severe, dreadful, gloomy:

    severus Uncus abest,

    Hor. C. 1, 35, 19:

    silentia noctis,

    Lucr. 4, 460:

    heims,

    Quint. Decl. 4, 14:

    amnem Cocyti metuet,

    Verg. G. 3, 37; cf. absol.: Si. Accurrite, Ne se interimat... Me. Hau! voluisti istuc severum facere? this horrible deed, Plaut. Cist. 3, 15 (but in Lucr. 5, 35 the correct read. is pelage sonora; v. Lachm. ad h. l.).—Hence, adv., in three forms, severe (class.), severiter (anteand post-class.), and severum (post-class.).
    A.
    sĕvērē, gravely, seriously, austerely, rigidly, severely, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19:

    graviter et severe voluptatem secernit a bono,

    id. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

    vetuit (with graviter),

    Quint. 11, 3, 148:

    uti judicio,

    id. 1, 3, 4:

    aestimatae lites,

    Cic. Mur. 20, 42; 25, 51:

    vindicare Hiempsalis mortem,

    Sall. J. 15, 3:

    dicere,

    Cic. Off. 1, 37, 134; Quint. 6, 3, 101; 8, 3, 40:

    domesticam disciplinam regere,

    Suet. Caes. 48.— Comp.:

    ad aliquem severius scribere,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

    adhibere aliquem,

    Cic. Att. 10, 12, 3:

    coërcere matrimonia,

    Just. 3, 3, 8. — Sup.:

    sunt qui voluptatem severissime contemnant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 21, 71; so,

    exacta aetas,

    id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:

    dicere jus,

    Suet. Caes. 43.—
    B.
    sĕvērĭter, gravely, seriously, severely: sermonem cum aliquo conferre, Titin. ap. Non. 509, 33; and in Prisc. p. 1010 P.; Plaut., acc. to Prisc. 1. 1.; App. M. 2, p. 126, 33.—
    * C.
    sĕvērum, harshly, austerely:

    nunc severum vivitur,

    Prud. Cath. 2, 33.
    2.
    Sĕvērus, i, m. [1. severus], a proper name.
    A.
    Of several men.
    1.
    Cornelius Severus, a poet in the Augustan age, Quint. 10, 1, 89; Ov. P. 4, 2, 2 sqq.; 4, 16, 9.—
    2.
    Septimius Severus, a Roman emperor, A.D. 193-211.—
    3.
    Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor, A. D. 222-235, Eutr. 8, 10; Spart. Sev. 1 sqq.—
    4.
    T. Cassius Severus, a Roman orator, in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, Quint. 10, 1, 116; Tac. Or. 19.—
    5.
    Sulpicius Severus, a bishop in Gaul, author of a Historia Sacra, and of the Vita S. Martini, and several smaller works. —
    B.
    Mons Severus, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, Verg. A. 7, 713.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > severum

  • 20 Severus

    1.
    sĕvērus, a, um, adj. [perh. kindr. with serius], serious, grave, strict, austere, stern, severe in aspect, demeanor, conduct, etc. (of persons and things; serius regularly only of things; v. serius; class. and freq.).
    I.
    Of persons:

    nam te omnes saevom severumque commemorant,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

    quam severus!

    Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 21; id. Eun. 2, 1, 21:

    civis severus et gravis,

    Cic. Lael. 25, 95; cf.:

    omnium gravissimus et severissimus, etc.,

    id. de Or. 2, 56, 228:

    Tubero (Stoicus) vitā severus,

    id. Brut. 31, 117; cf.:

    Stoicorum secta severissima,

    Quint. 1, 10, 15:

    agricolae,

    hardended by toil, rugged, Lucr. 5, 1357:

    Cures,

    Verg. A. 8, 638:

    Zethus,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 42; cf. in comp.:

    rumores senum severiorum,

    Cat. 5, 2.—Of those who live a sober and temperate life:

    at vos hinc abite, lymphae, Vini pernicies et ad severos Migrate,

    Cat. 27, 6:

    adimam cantare severis,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 10; 1, 5, 13:

    legis custodes,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 5, 18: neque severus esse (potest) in judicando, qui [p. 1687] alios in se severos esse judices non vult, id. Imp. Pomp. 13, 38; so,

    judices severi in eos solos,

    id. Clu. 20, 56; cf.:

    severissimos atque integerrimos judices,

    id. Verr. 1, 10, 30:

    ex familiā ad judicandum severissimā,

    id. ib.:

    ubi haec severus te palam laudaveram,

    Hor. Epod. 11, 19:

    auctor e severissimis,

    Plin. 11, 52, 114, § 274:

    Aristolaus e severissimis pictoribus fuit,

    id. 35, 11, 40, § 137 (for which, just before: austerior colore).—
    B.
    In a bad sense, harsh, rough, crabbed, rigid, severe (rare):

    Neptunus saevus severusque,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 1, 6:

    idem acerbe severus in filium,

    Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112 dub. (a passage bracketed by B. and K.):

    in me severior quam in vos,

    Liv. 7, 40, 7; Plin. Ep. 9, 13, 21:

    Eumenidum turba,

    Prop. 4 (5), 11, 22; cf. II. B.—
    II.
    Of things, grave, serious, severe, austere, etc.:

    severā fronte curas cogitans,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 46:

    vultus severior et tristior,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 289; cf. Hor. A. P 107:

    frons,

    Ov. Tr. 2, 241: Falernum, rough, sharp, tart (syn. austerum), Hor. C. 1, 27, 9:

    divaeque (Palladis) severas Fronde ligare comas,

    Stat. Achill. 1, 288:

    animus (opp. mitis),

    Quint. 3, 9, 7:

    disciplina maxime severa,

    id. 1, 2, 5:

    imperia severiora,

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 19, 43:

    judicia severa,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 59, § 133:

    lex,

    Ov. P. 3, 3, 57:

    severiora judicia,

    Quint. 4, 2, 122:

    severiores leges,

    id. 12, 1, 40; cf.:

    Lycurgus severissimarum justissimarumque legum auctor,

    Vell. 1, 6, 3:

    imperii severissimi vir,

    Liv. 4, 26:

    quod ego dixi per jocum, Id eventurum esse et severum et serium,

    Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 51:

    linque severa,

    Hor. C. 3, 8, 28:

    paulo severior poena,

    Sall. C. 51, 15.—Of style:

    sententiae graves et severae,

    Cic. Brut. 95, 325:

    triste et severum genus dicendi,

    id. ib. 30, 113; so Quint. 2, 4, 6; 6, 3, 102; 9, 4, 63 sq.; 10, 1, 131 al.; cf.:

    severae Musa tragoediae,

    Hor. C. 2, 1, 9:

    fidibus voces crevere severis,

    id. A. P. 216.—
    B.
    Severe, dreadful, gloomy:

    severus Uncus abest,

    Hor. C. 1, 35, 19:

    silentia noctis,

    Lucr. 4, 460:

    heims,

    Quint. Decl. 4, 14:

    amnem Cocyti metuet,

    Verg. G. 3, 37; cf. absol.: Si. Accurrite, Ne se interimat... Me. Hau! voluisti istuc severum facere? this horrible deed, Plaut. Cist. 3, 15 (but in Lucr. 5, 35 the correct read. is pelage sonora; v. Lachm. ad h. l.).—Hence, adv., in three forms, severe (class.), severiter (anteand post-class.), and severum (post-class.).
    A.
    sĕvērē, gravely, seriously, austerely, rigidly, severely, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 19:

    graviter et severe voluptatem secernit a bono,

    id. Fin. 2, 8, 24:

    vetuit (with graviter),

    Quint. 11, 3, 148:

    uti judicio,

    id. 1, 3, 4:

    aestimatae lites,

    Cic. Mur. 20, 42; 25, 51:

    vindicare Hiempsalis mortem,

    Sall. J. 15, 3:

    dicere,

    Cic. Off. 1, 37, 134; Quint. 6, 3, 101; 8, 3, 40:

    domesticam disciplinam regere,

    Suet. Caes. 48.— Comp.:

    ad aliquem severius scribere,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 25:

    adhibere aliquem,

    Cic. Att. 10, 12, 3:

    coërcere matrimonia,

    Just. 3, 3, 8. — Sup.:

    sunt qui voluptatem severissime contemnant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 21, 71; so,

    exacta aetas,

    id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44:

    dicere jus,

    Suet. Caes. 43.—
    B.
    sĕvērĭter, gravely, seriously, severely: sermonem cum aliquo conferre, Titin. ap. Non. 509, 33; and in Prisc. p. 1010 P.; Plaut., acc. to Prisc. 1. 1.; App. M. 2, p. 126, 33.—
    * C.
    sĕvērum, harshly, austerely:

    nunc severum vivitur,

    Prud. Cath. 2, 33.
    2.
    Sĕvērus, i, m. [1. severus], a proper name.
    A.
    Of several men.
    1.
    Cornelius Severus, a poet in the Augustan age, Quint. 10, 1, 89; Ov. P. 4, 2, 2 sqq.; 4, 16, 9.—
    2.
    Septimius Severus, a Roman emperor, A.D. 193-211.—
    3.
    Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor, A. D. 222-235, Eutr. 8, 10; Spart. Sev. 1 sqq.—
    4.
    T. Cassius Severus, a Roman orator, in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius, Quint. 10, 1, 116; Tac. Or. 19.—
    5.
    Sulpicius Severus, a bishop in Gaul, author of a Historia Sacra, and of the Vita S. Martini, and several smaller works. —
    B.
    Mons Severus, a mountain in the country of the Sabines, Verg. A. 7, 713.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Severus

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